Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Carcinoma In Situ (including flat hyperplasia and dysplasia)
Clinical
- Primary hyperplasia, reactive atypia and atypia of unknown significance have not been shown to progress to malignancy
- The proper treatment and follow up for primary dysplasia is not clear
- There are widely varying reports of behavior for this diagnosis
- Some studies find 15-20% progression to CIS or carcinoma
- To some extent this may be due to poor agreement in making the diagnosis
- About 50% of patients with CIS will progress to invasive carcinoma within five years
